How Mountains Form Through Plate Tectonics

The Earth is made up of layers of rock and minerals. The surface of the Earth is called the crust. Just below the crust is the upper mantle. The upper mantle, like the crust, is relatively hard and solid.  The crust and upper mantle together are called the lithosphere. While the lithosphere doesnt flow like lava, it can change. This happens when gigantic plates of rock, called tectonic plates, move and shift. Tectonic plates can collide, separate, or slide along one another. When this occurs, the Earths surface experiences earthquakes, volcanoes, and other major events. Orogeny: Mountains Created by Plate Tectonics Orogeny (or-ROJ-eny), or orogenesis, is the building of continental mountains by plate-tectonic processes that squeeze the lithosphere. It may also refer to a specific episode of orogeny during the geologic past. Even though tall mountain peaks from ancient orogenies may erode away, the exposed roots of those ancient mountains show the same orogenic structures that are detected beneath modern mountain ranges.   Plate Tectonics and Orogeny In classical plate tectonics, plates interact in exactly three different ways: they push together (converge), pull apart, or slide past each other. Orogeny is limited to convergent plate interactions—in other words, orogeny occurs when tectonic plates collide.  The long regions of deformed rocks created by orogenies are called orogenic belts, or orogens. In actuality, plate tectonics is not at all that simple. Large areas of the continents can deform in blends of convergent and transform motion, or in diffused ways that do not give distinct borders between plates. Orogens can be bent and altered by later events, or severed by plate breakups. The discovery and analysis of orogens is an important part of historical geology and a way to explore plate-tectonic interactions of the past that do not occur today. Orogenic belts can form from the collision of an oceanic and continental plate or the collision of two continental plates. There are quite a few ongoing orogenies and several ancient ones that have left long-lasting impressions on the Earths surface.   Ongoing Orogenies   The Mediterranean Ridge  is the result of the African plate subducting (sliding) underneath the Eurasian plate and other smaller microplates. If it continues, it will eventually form extremely high mountains in the Mediterranean.  The Andean Orogeny  has been occurring for the past 200 million years, although the Andes have only arisen in the past 65 million years. The orogeny is the result of the Nazca plate subducting underneath the South American plate.  The Himalayan Orogeny  started as the Indian subcontinent began moving towards the Asian plate 71 million years ago. The collision between the plates, which is still ongoing, has created the largest landform of the past 500 million years—the combined Tibetan Plateau and Himalayan Mountain range. These landforms, along with the Sierra Nevada range of North America, may have induced a global cooling around 40 million years ago. As more rock is lifted to the surface, more carbon dioxide is sequestered from the atmosp here to chemically weather it, thus decreasing Earths natural greenhouse effect.   Major Ancient Orogenies   The Alleghanian Orogeny  (325 million years ago) was the most recent of several major orogenies to help form the Appalachian Mountains. It was the result of a collision between ancestral North America and Africa  and resulted in the supercontinent of Pangea.  The Alpine Orogeny  began in the Late Cenozoic and created mountain chains on the African, Eurasian and Arabian plates. Although the orogeny ceased in Europe within the past few million years, the Alps continue to grow.

Without Sanctuary Lynching Photography in America Assignment

Essays on Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America Assignment The paper "Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America" is a great example of an assignment on history. The lynching which occurred in the U.S., which Without Sanctuary examines, occurred mostly in the Southern s like Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia and Alabama. These events mostly took place between the years 1882 and 1968. The events would have been extremely traumatic for African American families of the time. The effect of the lynchings would have been compounded by the fact that there were photographs and souvenirs available of the events, which would have featured family members of the families of the victims. Psychologically, this type of event would have caused fear in the African American community, and it would be difficult to carry out normal daily tasks if affected by such fear. Being unable to leave the house for fear of falling victim to these groups would have made living a normal life possible. Additionally, lynchings would also have caused some anger in the African American community, as they were being unnecessarily targeted by racist groups through no fault of their own. The images tell an interesting story of the legal system in America during this time. The fact that these events were so commonplace, and were being broadcast so publically in the form of these photographs, means that the legal system would have understood that this was going on but there was very little fear of the law for these groups. It seems important that these events are discussed as part of American history in schools, despite the fact that it may be disturbing for some people, particularly the images. It is important to remember that racism existed in such an outward way in the U.S. as little as 50 years ago, and these murders were being carried out on the African American community in the public eye. It also helps people to understand more the history of race relations in the U.S., which is important for building a better future.

The Great Water Debate Free Essays

The Great Water Debate Canada is a country that is well known for being a global competitor due to its vast natural resources. However, the trade of some resources has been a subject of argument for many years; specifically water. It is a well-known fact that Canada has a fifth of the world’s fresh water resources. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Water Debate or any similar topic only for you Order Now Making Canada the target of many global and domestic arguments ranging from â€Å"No Way! † to â€Å"Without any doubt, certainly! Beyond personal opinion, there is also the issue of whether, under the terms of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), water is a â€Å"vital resource† like the air we breathe, or a â€Å"commodity† to be sold and traded. No matter the personal opinion of the people, the federal government usually has the last say, however, in this case, the decision is down to the provincial governments. â€Å"There is a voluntary provincial ban on bulk exports, but any province could break it any time, and would it not withstand a NAFTA challenge† . However, Canada does still trade water but not in the expected manner. Canada sells water in containers (no larger than 30 liters) to other countries. There are a lot of advantages to exporting Canadian water in bulk. â€Å"Canada has only a half percent of the world’s population but it holds one-fifth of the planet’s freshwater supply† . A big thing to consider is about 7%-9% of the fresh water is renewable, this means that even though Canadians have the second highest water usage in the world, they still have an excess amount of water left over. This is water that if commoditized, could turn Canada’s economy around. Resulting in a huge profit for the government which can help support Canada’s public healthcare system or even cut the country’s taxes. These are all the advantages of treating water as a commodity, allowing the selling and trading of it internationally. However, there are huge disadvantages to trading Canadian water internationally in bulk which in my opinion easily out weight the advantages offered in this situation. One thing to consider is that Water is not only a need by human being but by all living things the ecosystem. If Canadian lakes’ waters are to be decreased by simply an inch, it can affect hundreds of living things and cause chaos to the natural order of things. Therefore, it is clear that it will be harmful for the environment. Second thing to consider is that the cost of transporting water internationally may be over-whelming for the government and might not worth it. The price that the water would be sold at once it reaches the target country might be under the total cost of transportation or just barely over, resulting in it not being a good investment at all. Thirdly, in contrary to popular belief, only 1 per cent of water in the Great Lakes is renewable; leading me into the next point that â€Å"Once it’s gone, it’s gone†. Water is a finite resource. Exporting water at bulk permanently will result in even more Lakes drying up than already, due to the climate change. Lastly, at some time in the near future, water bankruptcy around the world will result. A United Nations study that says by the year 2025 – less than 25 years – two-thirds of the world will be â€Å"water-poor. † If Canada manages to conserve its resources of fresh water till the much dreaded year of 2025. Canada can be making many times the profit that they would be currently making if they were to export all their water now. With all the given points, it seems quite clear that reserving Canada’s water for the future is an intelligent and environmentally friendly decision. There is also another aspect to consider when making the decision of whether selling Canada’s water internationally is a good idea or not. That is the ethical issue of selling water. â€Å"Water is an essential need, a public trust, not a commodity. It belongs to everyone and to no one. – Canadian Environmental Law Association. Without water, no human being or any living creature in fact would live longer than a couple of days. By putting a price tag on water, Canada would be allowing the rich to enjoy an excess amount of water and purchase at will while the poor will have to die of thirst throughout the world. Another aspect to consider is, as previously stated, the killing of many living orga nisms that live and use the lake’s fresh water. By removing water from the lakes, Canada would cause a global rage and hatred towards itself by activists around the world. As previously stated, my personal point of view is that Canada should not sell its water internationally; at least, not yet. Water is not a commodity to be bought and sold. Bulk water exports will not address the issues of water scarcity. Allowing water to be traded as an export would create a market system that would determine access to water by ability to pay. Considering these points, I still do not believe that it should be banned; instead, it should be saved for a great profit opportunity for the future when water becomes as valuable as the oil in middle east. By: Amir Sheidaei How to cite The Great Water Debate, Essay examples

Business Ethics Ethical Decision Making Method

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics for Ethical Decision Making Method. Answer: Introduction: The Doing ethics technique (DET), case scenario implies that before three years as an IT consultant Diana started working professionally by consulting her own business. In order to enrich her business she considered many business perspectives and ethical aspects at the same time. Currently, Dianas business has many employees, who are working to increase the business efficiency. They are working for the other clients of her business. After becoming a well known developer she got a contract for developing a database management system for a medium sized organization. While developing DBMS for the business organization she needs to consider different ethical aspects. Before building the DBMS for the medium scale organization, ICT security are also considered by Dina but the CEO refuses to agree that the security measures ar considered. After gaining measurable success in the competitive marketplace, Diana got contract from a medium sized organization, to build a database management system for their business organization. The database management system will be designed for their personnel office and thus she considered all the data that are going to be stored in the data storage as sensitive. In order to monitor or track the progress of the Database Management System appropriately, she consulted with the director of computing and also with the director of personnel. As after implementation of this project it has been found that the system is exceeding the estimated budget and thus the company is focusing on the security measures more than anything else. Diana was very much confidence about her development factors but the CEO was confused. Before making final decision for their developed database management system, the ethical and non-ethical issues associated to the system are needed to be considered by the management authority. She considered all the information as sensitive enough. According to the CEO of the organization, the database system lacks the in-build security measures while developing the system. If the system lacks security then after involvement of the system with the existing medium sized business the data stored in the database will be easily hijacked by those users who are working on the client machine. This is not at all safe for the organizational perspectives. If the personnel information including the performance evaluation, medical record, insurance details, salary or pay-scales are revealed in front of unauthorized clients then it will be termed as a non-ethical issue. After explaining the risks of the system that might occur after its real world application the CEO refuses to accept the system , this is an ethical issue. In this case scenario, neither the clients nor the service providers are directly affected with this ethical and non-ethical considered issues. However, according to the CEO of the computing company, if unauthorized clients get access of the data from the storage then they will misuse those data. Even they will also be able to figure out different ways through which the data could be accessed by the users effectively from the data storage. Though, Diana considered all the security measures of database management system but still the CEO rejected the system and pointed it out as risky system where one of the sensitive data stored are secured enough from the external attackers. It has been found that the system cost much, than the estimated budget or in other words the budget had been overflowed after its real world implementation. Thus the development team including Diana and other project team members were affected. At the same time the medium sized organization also affected because Diana fails to deliver the database management on the required time. The main ethical issue is that, after explain the risks to the CEO, he refuses to accept that system and pointed it as a less secured system and also considered that this system cannot not be used in the real application. The computing director and the personnel director both considered the database system as ales secured one. The CEO suggested to Diana to build a secured system for the medium sized organization. However, it was not possible that, after utilizing so much time over the development of the database, again to put the same concentration and money for redevelopment. In order to overcome this challenge, Diana should incorporate the risks management standard to her developed system. In order to mitigate these ethical issues, Diana should include certain security measures such as integrity, basic security, continuity, and proper utility of the ICT system (Prosek, Holm, 2014). As this is referred to as a much beneficial contract for Dianas business, thus, she must not disappoint them instead of that she must incorporate certain additional both ethical and non-ethical security measures. In order to resolve the security oriented issue, the system development team can involve training and development programs for their existing project team members. On the other hand, in order to mitigate the security risks those are thought to be occurred encryption technology with symmetric private key can also be included. In addition to this, authentication measures can also be implemented (Prinsloo Slade, 2013). If the database management system incorporates the authentication technique, then, only the authenticated users will be able to access the data and none of the external hackers or unauthenticated user will be able to access the data from the server. Among all these given options the best or most suitable option for the database management system is incorporation of encryption algorithm to the database server that has been developed for the medium sized organization. Encryption is referred to as the most effective security measures because after implementation of this system none of the external attacker will be able to access the sensitive and personnel data from the server (Slade Prinsloo, 2013). Not only this but also it will serve data backup, application resilience and disaster recovery at the same time. References Belfort, M. A., Shamshirsaz, A. A., Whitehead, W. E., Ball, R., Silver, R., Ruano, R., ... Chervenak, F. (2016). Unusual pleuroamniotic shunt complication managed using a two?port in?CO2 fetoscopic technique: technical and ethical considerations.Ultrasound in Obstetrics Gynecology,47(1), 123-124. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Moreno, M., Goniu, N., Moreno, P., Diekema, D. (2016). 10 Ethical and Regulatory Considerations For Social Media Research.THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SOCIAL NETWORKING, 116. Prinsloo, P., Slade, S. (2013, April). An evaluation of policy frameworks for addressing ethical considerations in learning analytics. InProceedings of the Third International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge(pp. 240-244). ACM. Prosek, E. A., Holm, J. M. (2014). Counselors and the military: When protocol and ethics conflict.The Professional Counselor,4(2), 93-102. Slade, S., Prinsloo, P. (2013). Learning analytics: Ethical issues and dilemmas.American Behavioral Scientist,57(10), 1510-1529. Watt-Watson, J., Peter, E., Clark, A. J., Dewar, A., Hadjistavropoulos, T., Morley-Forster, P., ... Campbell-Yeo, M. (2013). The ethics of Canadian entry-to-practice pain competencies: How are we doing?.Pain Research and Management,18(1), 25-32.